![]() Lydian troops might have been stationed in the aforementioned locations as well as in Hacıtuğrul, Afyonkarahisar, and Konya, which would have provided to the Lydian kingdom access to the produce and roads of Phrygia. Lydian presence in Phrygia is archaeologically attested by the existence of a Lydian citadel in the Phrygian capital of Gordion, as well as Lydian architectural remains in northwest Phrygia, such as in Dascylium, and in the Phrygian Highlands at Midas City. The Lydians had already conquered Phrygia under the rule of Alyattes, who took advantage of the weakening of the various polities all across Anatolia by the Cimmerian raids and used the lack of a centralised Phrygian state and the traditionally friendly relations between the Lydian and Phrygian elites to extend Lydian rule eastwards to Phrygia. Other domains of the Lydian Empire under Croesus ![]() Ĭroesus continued his attacks against the other Greek cities of the western coast of Asia Minor until he had subjugated all of mainland Ionia, Aeolis, and Doris, but he abandoned his plans of annexing the Greek city-states on the islands and he instead concluded treaties of friendship with them, which might have helped him participate in the lucrative trade the Aegean Greeks carried out with Egypt at Naucratis. Meanwhile the Ionian city of Miletus had been willingly sending tribute to Lydia in exchange of being spared from Lydian attacks because the overthrow of the city's last tyrants, Thoas and Damasenor, and the replacement of the tyranny by a system of magistrates had annulated the relations of friendship initiated by Alyattes and the former Milesian tyrant Thrasybulus. Once Ephesus was under Lydian rule, Croesus provided patronage for the reconstruction of the Temple of Artemis, to which he offered a large number of marble columns as dedication to the goddess. After Pindar accepted these terms, Croesus annexed Ephesus into the Lydian Empire. After Pindar rejected an envoy by Croesus demanding Ephesus to submit to Lydia, the Lydian king started to pressure the city and demanded that Pindar leave it and go into exile. ![]() The ruling dynasty of Ephesus had engaged with friendly relations with Lydia consolidated by diplomatic marriages from the reign of Gyges until that of Alyattes: the Ephesian tyrant Pindar, who had previously supported Pantaleon in the Lydian succession struggle, was the son of a daughter of Alyattes, and was thus a nephew of Croesus. Once Croesus's position as king was secure, he immediately launched a military campaign against the Ionian city of Ephesus. Following Alyattes's death in 585 BCE, this rivalry became an open succession struggle out of which Croesus emerged victorious. ĭuring Croesus's tenure as governor of Adramyttium itself, a rivalry had developed between him and his step-brother Pantaleon, who might have been intended by Alyattes to be his successor. As governor of Adramyttium, Croesus had to provide his father with Ionian Greek mercenaries for a military campaign in Caria. Under his father's reign, Croesus had been a governor of Adramyttium, which Alyattes had rebuilt as a centre of operations for military actions against the Cimmerians, a nomadic people from the Pontic steppe who had invaded Western Asia, and attacked Lydia over the course of several invasions during which they killed Alyattes's great-grandfather Gyges, and possibly his grandfather Ardys and his father Sadyattes. Croesus had at least one full sister, Aryenis, as well as a step-brother named Pantaleon, born from a Ionian Greek wife of Alyattes. Life and reign Ĭroesus was born in 620 BCE to the king Alyattes of Lydia and one of his queens, a Carian noblewoman whose name is still unknown. Kearns, Croesus's real personal name would have been Karoś, while Krowiśaś would have been a honorific name meaning "The noble Karoś". ![]() Krowiśaś is a compound term consisting of the proper name □□□□□ Karoś, of a glide □ ( -w-) and of the Lydian term □□□□ iśaś, meaning "master, lord, noble". The name Croesus comes from the Latin transliteration of the Greek Κροῖσος Kroîsos, which was itself the ancient Hellenic adaptation of the Lydian name □□□□□□□□ Krowiśaś. Euler published a research of Lydian coins apparently minted during his rule, where the name of the ruler was rendered as Qλdãns. The name of Croesus was not attested in contemporary inscriptions in the Lydian language.
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